Publication details
Comparative analysis of OSINT tools, techniques, and legal aspects
| Authors | |
|---|---|
| Year of publication | 2026 |
| Type | Peer-reviewed scientific article |
| Magazine / Source | Computers & Security |
| MU Faculty or unit | |
| Citation | |
| web | |
| Doi | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2026.104938 |
| Keywords | Cyberspace; Data collection; Digital privacy; Intelligence gathering; OSINT; Open data; Open information |
| Description | Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) has emerged as a crucial practice in the digital era, driven by the rapid growth of information available on the internet and its expanding applications across multiple sectors. This study examines the role of OSINT as a vital tool in domains such as the indexed internet, social networks, the darknet, archives, and network devices. We present a comparative analysis of over 150 tools, services, and databases usable for OSINT. The analysis is based on publicly available information and highlights significant diversity in functionality, licensing, and accessibility, indicating that no single solution is capable of meeting all intelligence needs. The findings emphasize the necessity of combining multiple tools with manual methods to acquire accurate and reliable intelligence, while also highlighting persistent challenges, including limited integrations, licensing constraints, and the volatility of online sources. Beyond technical and methodological aspects, OSINT practice is shaped by complex legal and ethical considerations, as the public availability of data does not guarantee lawful use. This study provides a legal analysis of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the Budapest Convention in relation to OSINT investigations. As compliance remains context-specific, the study underscores that the future of OSINT depends not only on technological advancement, but also on strong legal and ethical responsibility to mitigate risks of liability and reputational harm. |